Law Articles And Legal Issues

Legal Procedure of International Computer Forensics Authorities

Computers have dramatically changed the means of communications and there has arisen new situation where traditional standards of gauging reliance of evidence have been defect owning to emergence of computer crimes. These crimes are related with electronic credit Cards and ATM fraud, misuse of Trade marks, e-copyright infringement, cyber hacking, etc. and these offences are committed by means of computer related tools and equipments which are extremely difficult for administrators of justice to comprehend the nature of offend and collaborating evidences presented for prosecution of these offences. In these complicated situated the assistance of computer forensics authorities are sought for arriving at correct opinion about digital evidence.

These impartial computer forensics authorities have been the part and parcel of legal system developed countries that provide all litigation function at request of courts and their services can obtain for getting computer evidences. The procedures of these authorities are regulated by special enactments according to the nature of offence committed. There are given statutory powers to identify, collect, produce, certificate and present written electronic reports in civil and criminal trial for administration of justice. These computer forensics authorities perform their legal duties regarding digital discovery of the e-documents.

When we look into the legal history of these computer forensics authorities, these were used in the course of prosecution for over twenty-five years in United State and in last decade, the numbers of computer forensics authorities were given license to establish their impartial set up for certify all documents produced in digital form developed with advanced with electronic communication to the investigating agencies and to court of law. The functions of computer forensics were given statutory powers for purpose of getting forensic view about the e-data or electronic evidence.

The Computer Forensics authorities' employs various procedures and tools for purpose of verification of documents, tracing the nature of offence from identification, collection and verification of electronic documents. After adoption of the complicated procedure they present legal version of these electronic documents in paper based form for admission before court of law. These functions are not limited to local disk data but even the remote server data is verified for purpose of gauging the veracity of these documents. The authentications of e-records from local hard drive to remote server are done in numbers of computer operating systems.

These procedures are adopted by the computer forensic authorities governed by prevailing law of state regulating the internal structure of these authorities. The identification is first step towards the electronic discovery and its likely sources of relevant information comparing it with original electronic documents. The identification of computer documents and its comparison with original record through critical step to ensure that data is not overlooked and each aspect of date is properly maintained and there is no tampering of database while its production before court of law for just adjudication of matter meeting the legal standard provided by the legal system. The views about the electronic document are requested of disk or remote documents and to inventory of the data and to look for hidden sources of deletion or tampering of e-records. In many cases, they present written e-discovery reports of cyber space and electronic communications and its links with database where it has been hosted or linked.

The Collection of electronic documents is only the first step for proper identification of website link with database. Once it is identified, then they precede steps towards that they have to follow and gather the relevant information for authentication of the electronic evidence as to judge the reliance of these evidences. They collect relevant information for coming to right conclusion regarding the authenticity of e-documents. They adopt numbers of modern devices to avoid the tampering of records and to maintain defensible protected documents. The critical procedural phases judge the reliance of the electronic evidence and its presentation and admission before the concern courts. The Computer forensics authorities employ internationally recommended devices for written protocols and internal procedures to ensure that stands scrutiny in all court jurisdictions where these are presented for purpose of admission of these e-documents. There are many hidden sources of electronic evidence that can not be retrieved without seeking the assistance of the authorities of foreign jurisdiction and in number of criminal cases, the coordination are done through international protocols and agencies. Once information the regarding the evidence existed out of state jurisdiction is gathered, document must have to follow the same procedure of as mentioned above.

In number of international license of computer forensics authorities, they are often license holder numbers of jurisdictions for collection and acquisition of true electronic records. The questions out of state jurisdiction does not arise in case international reputed computer forensics authorities. Rather it is foreign jurisdiction or not, important information is not retrieved without tested forensic procedures and documentations. The computer forensics authorities helps courts to avoid any unnecessary and uncertified production of documents, while ensuring that potentially relevant documents are presented, including encrypted, compressed, and password-protected files, are presented before court properly in accordance with the law of respective State for prosecution of the offenders.

Another procedure is used that of filtering of electronic database collected in electronic discovery while undergoing search of the electronic evidences. The computer forensics authorities employ the variety of methods, tools and appropriate search technique to Widows and other operating system for increasing reliability of electronic documents for just adjudication of matter. The electronic forensics authorities are given numbers of statutory powers in the matter connect with assessing the reliance of the electronic and figuring out the hidden sources of evidence connected dispute in question and offenders involved in commission of these electronic crimes.

The admission of electronic documents before the court of law is primary function of these forensics authorities. The computer forensics authorities produce legal documents of certified documents to court of law and they also collaborate with investigating agencies in reaching right conclusion about act or omission on part of electronic offenders. They are granted certification power by statute or they are working independent autonomous bodies being famous for their impartial reports, they are often asked by court to give opinion about the electronic documents having agreed by parties to suit. They produce copies of the data selected for review and offer recommendations and certification regarding the nature of electronic database to be viewed as evidence meeting all standards of its admission.

The computer Forensics authorities perform numbers of other functions, one of these are offering detailed written certified reports and analyses to courts to just adjudication of matter and for fair prosecution of electronic crimes offenders. As being declared as expert's reports, they assist judges with the interpretation electronic evidence being presented in court proceedings and the testimony of other electronic discovery experts. The court often needs the opinion of these experts regarding the building of the electronic evidence and reliance. For getting appropriate and meeting the reliance standard, although careful attention to detail in the early stages of electronic discovery builds solid expert testimony.

The real aim of computer forensics to assist the court in reaching just conclusion regarding production of data as evidence but in Pakistan we have not yet legislated on role of computer forensics as expert role for identification, production and its admission before the court of law. Currently no Computer Forensics Authorities are running their business in Pakistan, reason may be, and no efforts are made to provide legal framework for establishment of certification authorities or to discuss the economic measures for their promotion. Here need to encourage the computer forensics authorities in Pakistan for getting accurate information for digital evidence. Their services can be obtained by contractual basis, or they can be incorporated in legal system as confirming them special substantive and procedural powers. The specific amendments should be made to incorporate computer forensics authorities into substantive, evidence and procedural laws to make the courts technically and legally able to deliver best judgment on issues affecting the electronic records.

The writer is an advocate of High Court and practicing immigration and corporate laws in Pakistan since September 2001. He is a self employed and pioneer in research on electronic commerce taxation in Pakistan. His articles were published widely in the critical areas of cyber crimes, electronic commerce, e-taxation and various other topics. He wrote LL.M thesis on titled "Legislation of electronic commerce taxation in Pakistan" in which he provided comprehensive legal proposals for statutory reconstruction of tax laws for purpose of imposition of taxation on e-business in Pakistan. Currently he is conducting the research on topic 'Electronic commerce taxation: emerging legal issues of digital evidence'.

Other Article Sites

findabook.com  moneycd.info  a-mortgage.info   about-lemon-laws.info  aboutstudentloans.info
all-about-publishing.info  auctions-articles.info  bestcollege-university.com  bestispconnection.com
biblefolder.com  blogger-website.com  books-used.info  brokers-guide.info  buywindows.info  cable-dsl.info
career-miner.com  carpel-tunnel.info  cashinaflash.info  cashloanreviews.info  casinobell.com  chat-house.info
clearmycredit.info  collegeloantips.info  crones.info  depression-articles.info   dirnic.net  dishguides.info
divers-below.com  expodog.info   financewizz.com  fire-insurance.info  getgood.info  handleit.net   it-idea.info
health-supplies.info  hosting-right.com  insidealert.com  insurance-facts.info  jobs-employment.info
justgood.info  lookgold.net   lowcost-travel.info  money-source.info  myhostzone.info  numisblog.com
peoplesearchfinder.info  pr-articles.info  realeas.com   refinancing-guides.info  spyware-remove.info
telelot.info  the-law.info   toppaid.info  travel-deals.info  travelcorrect.com  wedding-guide-site.com
your-blog.info  your-credit.info

Other Law Sites
Search The Internet For Other Law Sites

Law Books
Search For Law Books At FindaBook.com

Is the Law of Attraction Enough?
In a word & NO.

Same Old Closet to Clean But New Rules for Claiming the Tax Break
Tax-deductible donations to Goodwill benefit jobless in your community.

Criminal Law Information
According to criminal law, crimes are offences against the social order. In common law jurisdictions, there is a legal fiction that crimes disturb the peace of the sovereign.

Fine Art Registry and Attorney Gail Christensen Provides Art Related Law Lectures to CLE 123 Inc.
Fine Art Registry is working with Phoenix attorney Gail Christensen to create a series of audio lectures on Art and the Law which are suitable for Continuing Legal Education (CLE). These lectures are available for CLE credit through CLE123 Inc., a California approved online provider of Minimum Continuing Legal Education credits which offers downloadable CLE lectures in all aspects of law. The lectures are also for sale as downloads and on CD, without the CLE credit, on the Fine Art Registry website.

Manipulate Search Engines to Locate Legal Representation
So you or somebody you know has gotten themselves into the situation of needing some legal representation. With all the different variables in regards to locating and choosing an attorney the task can become pretty daunting, this is where I come in. Sad as it may be, I?ve lived in five large metropolitan cities in the United States in the past 25 years, and being that I have worked in the legal field for over 35 years I have a good idea how one should go about located decent if not great representation. As easy as it might be to pick up the phone book and call the first number you can find, try to refrain from such practices and take heed in what I have to say.

The Law of Attraction Exposed: Why People Don't Get What They Want
It seems so simple: Ask, expect, and receive.

The Law of Attraction and the Science of Getting Rich - By Science To Wealth
What are you thinking about right now? The Law of Attraction states that "whatever we think about, we bring about". This law may initially seem like new age fluff but believe it or not, there are scientific merits to this proposition. The top quantum physicists of our time have discovered that our universe and our reality is very much directed by the "observer".

Law Firm Internet Marketing An Executive Summary Using The Q&A Format ? Part II
You mentioned ??your page ranking.? What is page ranking and how do I get my pages ranked in law firm Internet marketing?

How State Law Defines the Ideal Employee-Employer Relationship
Conflict between workers and the employer is a commonplace issue in the workplace. Federal and state laws related to employment issues help maintain the balance of power in the workplace by defining the characteristics of an ideal employee-employer relationship.

The Senior Care Podcast By LivHOME Explores Elder Law; Discussion Includes Maintaining Key Legal Documents, Understanding Medicare, Finding an Elder L
Episode 8 of The Senior Care Podcast by LivHOME features an attorney and elder law specialist discussing elder law and some common issues facing seniors.

Real Estate Investor Creates Free Automatic IRS Log Creator Just In Time For April 15th
Mylifechanger.com (http://www.Mylifechanger.com) announced the release of their free web application that automatically creates a log to deduct the purchase of IRS "listed property" such as an Apple MacBook Air

VoIP Is It Legal?
I have been in telecom for 12 years and for 12 years I have spoken to my mom at least once a week if not more. She always asks me how is work? Are you still doing that little telephone thing? About six months ago she called me up because she had heard something that may be of interest to me on her talk radio program earlier that morning. She did not want to forget to ask me about it so she wrote it down, (my mom will not call before 5 because she still believes the calling rates go down in half after 5), but she can?t seem to find the paper she just had in her hands- she asked if I could hold a minute. After I hear the rotary phone hit the counter and a bunch papers rustling- she gets back on the phone with her revelation. She is going to s...

Advance Legal Raises A Clients Damages By 600%!
Advance Legal Raises A Clients Damages By 600%!

New Bankruptcy Law – Targeting the Wrong People?
Last April, President Bush enthusiastically signed into law the oddly-named Bankruptcy Abuse and Consumer Protection Act. This bill, representing the biggest overhaul of bankruptcy law in twenty-five years, was written in order to discourage "bankruptcy of convenience.